APPENDIX D IIO7 THE CALENDARS The Calendar in the Shire differed in several features from ours. The year no doubt was of the same length,’ for long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth. It is recorded by the Hobbits that they had no ‘week’ when they were still a wandering people, and though they had ‘months’, governed more or less by the Moon, their keeping of dates and calculations of time were vague and inaccurate. In the west-lands of Eriador, when they had begun to settle down, they adopted the Kings’ Reckoning of the Dunedain, which was ultimately of Eldarin origin; but the Hobbits of the Shire introduced several minor alterations. This calendar, or ‘Shire Reckoning’ as it was called, was eventually adopted also in Bree, except for the Shire usage of counting as Year 1 the year of the colonization of the Shire. It is often difficult to discover from old tales and traditions precise information about things which people knew well and took for granted in their own day (such as the names of letters, or of the days of the week, or the names and lengths of months). But owing to their general interest in genealogy, and to the interest in ancient history which the learned amongst them developed after the War of the Ring, the Shire-hobbits seem to have concerned themselves a good deal with dates; and they even drew up complicated tables showing the relations of their own system with others. I am not skilled in these matters, and may have made many errors; but at any rate the chronology of the crucial years S.R. 1418, 1419 is so carefully set out in the Red Book that there cannot be much doubt about days and times at that point. It seems clear that the Eldar in Middle-earth, who had, as Samwise remarked, more time at their disposal, reckoned in long periods, and the Quenya word yén, often translated ‘year’ (p. 377), really means 144 of our years. The Eldar preferred to reckon in sixes and twelves as far as possible. A ‘day’ of the sun they called ré and reckoned from sunset to sunset. The yén contained 52,596 days. For ritual rather than practical purposes the Eldar observed a week or enquié of six days; and the yén contained 8,766 of these enquier, reckoned continuously throughout the period. In Middle-earth the Eldar also observed a short period or solar year, called a coranar or ‘sun-round’ when considered more or less astronomically, but usually called Joa ‘growth’ (especially in the north-western lands) when the seasonal changes in vegetation were primarily considered, as was usual with the Elves generally. The Joa was broken up into periods that might be regarded either as long months or short seasons. These no doubt varied in different regions; but the Hobbits only provide information concerning the Calendar of Imladris. In that calendar there were six of these ‘seasons’, of which the Quenya names were tuilé, lairé, yavié, quellé, hrivé, coiré. which may be translated ‘spring, summer, autumn, fading, winter, stirring’. The Sindarin names were ethuil, laer, iavas, firith, rhiw, echuir. ‘Fading’ was also called lasse-lanta ‘eaf-fall’, or in Sindarin narbeleth ‘sun-waning’. ' 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds.
附錄D IIO7 曆法 夏爾的曆法與我們的曆法有幾處不同。毫無疑問，年份的長度是相同的，因為儘管那些時代以人類的歲月和生命來計算已是久遠，但根據大地的記憶，它們並不算遙遠。霍比特人的記載顯示，當他們仍是遊牧民族時，並沒有「週」的概念，儘管他們有或多或少受月亮影響的「月份」，但他們對日期和時間的計算卻是模糊且不準確的。在伊利雅德的西境，當他們開始定居時，他們採用了登丹人的「王者紀年」，該紀年最終源於精靈；但夏爾的霍比特人引入了一些細微的修改。這個曆法，或稱「夏爾紀年」，最終也在布理被採用，除了夏爾將殖民夏爾的那一年算作元年這一用法。從古老的傳說和傳統中，很難找到關於人們在他們那個時代熟知並視為理所當然的事物的精確資訊（例如字母的名稱、星期的日子，或月份的名稱和長度）。但由於他們對家譜的普遍興趣，以及在魔戒聖戰之後，他們之中有學識的人對古代歷史產生了興趣，夏爾的霍比特人似乎對日期非常關注；他們甚至繪製了複雜的表格，顯示他們自己的系統與其他系統之間的關係。我對這些事情並不精通，可能犯了許多錯誤；但無論如何，關鍵年份夏爾紀年1418、1419年的年代學在《紅皮書》中記載得如此詳盡，以至於在那個時間點上，關於日期和時間的疑問不多。顯然，中土世界的精靈（正如山姆衛斯所說，他們有更多的時間可供支配）以長週期來計算時間，而昆雅語單詞「yén」（常被翻譯為「年」，見第377頁）實際上意味著我們144個年份。精靈們盡可能地偏好以六和十二為單位進行計算。他們將太陽的「一天」稱為「ré」，並從日落算到下一個日落。一個「yén」包含52,596天。出於儀式而非實際目的，精靈們遵守一個六天的「週」或「enquié」；一個「yén」包含8,766個這樣的「enquié」，在整個時期內連續計算。在中土世界，精靈們也觀察一個短週期或太陽年，當或多或少從天文學角度考慮時，稱為「coranar」或「太陽之環」，但當主要考慮植被的季節性變化時（這在精靈中很常見），通常稱為「Joa」（生長）（尤其是在西北地區）。「Joa」被劃分為可以被視為長月或短季的時期。這些無疑在不同地區有所不同；但霍比特人只提供了關於伊姆拉崔曆法的資訊。在那個曆法中，有六個這樣的「季節」，其昆雅語名稱為tuilé、lairé、yavié、quellé、hrivé、coiré，可翻譯為「春、夏、秋、凋零、冬、萌動」。辛達林語的名稱是ethuil、laer、iavas、firith、rhiw、echuir。「凋零」也被稱為lasse-lanta（葉落），或在辛達林語中稱為narbeleth（日漸衰）。（註：365天，5小時，48分鐘，46秒。）
I108 THE LORD OF THE RINGS Lairé and hrivé each contained 72 days, and the remainder 54 each. The loa began with yestaré, the day immediately before twilé, and ended with mettaré, the day immediately after coiré. Between yavié and quellé were inserted three enderi or ‘middle-days’. This provided a year of 365 days which was supplemented by doubling the enderi (adding 3 days) in every twelfth year. How any resulting inaccuracy was dealt with is uncertain. If the year was then of the same length as now, the yén would have been more than a day too long. That there was an inaccuracy is shown by a note in the Calendars of the Red Book to the effect that in the ‘Reckoning of Rivendell’ the last year of every third yén was shortened by three days: the doubling of the three enderi due in that year was omitted; ‘but that has not happened in our time’. Of the adjustment of any remaining inaccuracy there is no record. The Numenoreans altered these arrangements. They divided the Joa into shorter periods of more regular length; and they adhered to the custom of beginning the year in mid-winter, which had been used by Men of the North-west from whom they were derived in the First Age. Later they also made their week one of 7 days, and they reckoned the day from sunrise (out of the eastern sea) to sunrise. The Numenorean system, as used in Numenor, and in Arnor and Gondor until the end of the kings, was called Kings’ Reckoning. The normal year had 365 days. It was divided into twelve astar or months, of which ten had 30 days and two had 31. The long astar were those on either side of the Mid-year, approximately our June and July. The first day of the year was called yestaré, the middle day (183rd) was called loéndé, and the last day mettaré; these 3 days belonged to no month. In every fourth year, except the last of a century (haranyé), two enderi or ‘middle-days’ were substituted for the loéndé. In Numenor calculation started with S.A. 1. The Deficit caused by deducting 1 day from the last year of a century was not adjusted until the last year of a millennium, leaving a millennial deficit of 4 hours, 46 minutes, 40 seconds. This addition was made in Numenor in S.A. 1000, 2000, 3000. After the Downfall in S.A. 3319 the system was maintained by the exiles, but it was much dislocated by the beginning of the Third Age with a new numeration: S.A. 3442 became T.A. 1. By making T.A. 4 a leap year instead of T.A. 3 (S.A. 3444) I more short year of only 365 days was intruded causing a deficit of 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds. The millennial additions were made 441 years late: in T.A. 1000 (S.A. 4441) and 2000 (S.A. 5441). To reduce the errors so caused, and the accumulation of the millennial deficits, Mardil the Steward issued a revised calendar to take effect in T.A. 2060, after a special addition of 2 days to 2059 (S.A. §500), which concluded 52 millennia since the beginning of the Numenorean system. But this still left about 8 hours deficit. Hador to 2360 added 1 day though this deficiency had not quite reached that amount. After that no more adjustments were made. dn T.A. 3000 with the threat of imminent war such matters were neglected.) By the end of the Third Age, after 660 more years, the Deficit had not yet amounted to I day. The Revised Calendar introduced by Mardil was called Stewards’ Reckon
I108 魔戒 Lairé 和 hrivé 各有 72 天，而其餘的則各有 54 天。loa 始於 yestaré，即 twilé 之前的一天，並終於 mettaré，即 coiré 之後的一天。在 yavié 和 quellé 之間插入了三個 enderi 或「中間日」。這使得一年有 365 天，每十二年會透過將 enderi 數量加倍（增加 3 天）來補充。任何由此產生之不準確性如何處理，則不得而知。如果當時的年份長度與現在相同，那麼 yén 就會多出一天以上。《紅皮書曆法》中的一則註記顯示存在不準確性，該註記指出在「瑞文戴爾曆法」中，每第三個 yén 的最後一年會縮短三天：該年應加倍的三個 enderi 被省略了；「但在我們這個時代並未發生」。對於任何剩餘不準確性的調整，則沒有記載。 努曼諾爾人改變了這些安排。他們將 Joa 分成更短、更規律的時期；並且他們遵循在隆冬開始一年的習俗，這是他們在第一紀元從西北方人類那裡繼承而來的。後來，他們也將一週定為 7 天，並將一天從日出（從東方海面升起）算到下一個日出。努曼諾爾人的曆法系統，在努曼諾爾以及亞爾諾和剛鐸直到諸王時代結束時所使用的，被稱為「諸王曆法」。正常年份有 365 天。它被分為十二個 astar 或月份，其中十個有 30 天，兩個有 31 天。較長的 astar 位於年中兩側，大約是我們現在的六月和七月。一年的第一天稱為 yestaré，中間日（第 183 天）稱為 loéndé，最後一天稱為 mettaré；這三天不屬於任何月份。每四年，除了每個世紀的最後一年（haranyé）之外，會用兩個 enderi 或「中間日」來取代 loéndé。在努曼諾爾，計算始於第二紀元 1 年 (S.A. 1)。從一個世紀的最後一年扣除一天所造成的赤字，直到一個千年的最後一年才進行調整，導致千年赤字為 4 小時 46 分 40 秒。這項加法調整在努曼諾爾於第二紀元 1000、2000、3000 年進行。在第二紀元 3319 年的毀滅之後，該系統由流亡者維持，但由於第三紀元的開始採用了新的計數方式而大為混亂：第二紀元 3442 年變成了第三紀元 1 年。透過將第三紀元 4 年設為閏年而非第三紀元 3 年（第二紀元 3444 年），多插入了一個只有 365 天的短年份，導致了 5 小時 48 分 46 秒的赤字。千年加法調整延遲了 441 年才進行：在第三紀元 1000 年（第二紀元 4441 年）和 2000 年（第二紀元 5441 年）。為了減少由此造成的錯誤以及千年赤字的累積，執政官馬迪爾頒布了一份修訂後的曆法，於第三紀元 2060 年生效，此前在 2059 年（第二紀元 5500 年）特別增加了 2 天，這標誌著努曼諾爾曆法系統開始以來的 52 個千年結束。但這仍然留下了大約 8 小時的赤字。哈多在 2360 年增加了一天，儘管這個不足尚未完全達到那個數額。此後再沒有進行任何調整。在第三紀元 3000 年，由於迫在眉睫的戰爭威脅，這些事務被忽視了。到第三紀元末，又過了 660 年後，赤字尚未達到 1 天。馬迪爾引入的修訂曆法被稱為「執政官曆法」。