APPENDIX E Writing and Spelling I PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example, Bolger has g as in bulge, and mathom rhymes with fathom. In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modern letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason c has been preferred to k in both Eldarin languages. The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details. CONSONANTS Chas always the value of k even before e and 7: celeb ‘silver’? should be pronounced as keleb. CH. is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not that in English church. Except at the end of words and before r this sound was weakened to / in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan, Rohirrim. (Imrahil is a Numenorean name.) DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes. It is usually related to d, as in S. galadh ‘tree’? compared with Q. alda; but is sometimes derived from n+r, as in Caradhras ‘Redhorn’ from caran-rass. F represents f, except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of): Nindalf, Fladrif. G has only the sound of g in give, get: gil ‘star’, in Gildor, Gilraen, Osgiliath, begins as in English gild. standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house, behold. The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht, as in German echt, acht: e.g. in the name Telumehtar ‘Orion’.' See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. 1 Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar.
附錄E 書寫與拼字 I 字詞與名稱的發音 西方通用語或通用語已被完全翻譯成英語對應詞。所有哈比人的名字和特殊詞彙都應據此發音：例如，Bolger 中的 g 發 bulge 的音，而 mathom 與 fathom 押韻。在轉錄古代文字時，我已盡力以相當的準確性來呈現原始發音（就其可確定者而言），同時也力求所產生的字詞和名稱在現代字母中看起來不至於粗陋。高等精靈語昆雅語的拼寫盡可能地接近拉丁語，以符合其發音。因此，在兩種精靈語中，c 都比 k 更受青睞。對於對這些細節感興趣的人，可以留意以下幾點。 輔音 C 在 e 和 i 之前也始終發 k 的音：celeb「銀」應發音為 keleb。CH. 僅用於表示 bach（德語或威爾斯語）中的發音，而非英語 church 中的發音。除了在詞尾和 r 之前，這個音在剛鐸語中被弱化為 l，這種變化已在一些名稱中得到承認，例如 Rohan、Rohirrim。(Imrahil 是一個努曼諾爾人的名字。) DH 代表英語 these clothes 中濁音（軟音）的 th。它通常與 d 相關，如辛達林語的 galadh「樹」與昆雅語的 alda 相比；但有時也源自 n+r，如 Caradhras「紅角」源自 caran-rass。F 代表 f，除了在詞尾，此時它用於表示 v 的發音（如英語 of）：Nindalf、Fladrif。G 只有 give、get 中 g 的發音：gil「星」，在 Gildor、Gilraen、Osgiliath 中，其開頭發音與英語 gild 相同。單獨出現且沒有其他輔音時，發 house、behold 中 h 的音。昆雅語的組合 ht 發 cht 的音，如德語的 echt、acht：例如在 Telumehtar「獵戶座」這個名字中。另請參閱 CH、DH、L、R、TH、W、Y。1 在辛達林語中通常稱為 Menelvagor（第81頁），昆雅語為 Menelmacar。
III4 NG PH QU TH TY THE LORD OF THE RINGS initially before another vowel has the consonantal sound of y in you, yore in Sindarin only: as in Joreth, Iarwain. See Y. is used in names drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c; kA thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishnakh, or Adtnaic (Numenorean) Aditinakhér. On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. represents more or less the sound of English initial /, as in Jet. It was, however, to some degree ‘palatalized’ between e, 1 and a consonant, or finally after e, 7. (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell, fill as beol, fiol.) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial s/-). In (archaic) Quenya this is written h/, but was in the Third Age usually pronounced as /. represents ng in finger, except finally where it was sounded as in English sing. The latter sound also occurred initially in Quenya, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo), according to the pronunciation of the Third Age. has the same sound as f. It is used (a) where the fsound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph ‘swan’; (6) where the fsound is related to or derived from a p, as in 1-Pheriannath ‘the Halflings’ (perian); (c) in the middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp) as in Ephel ‘outer fence’; and (d) in Addnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharaz6n (pharaz ‘gold’). has been used for cw, a combination very frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used a back or uvular r, a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr-). It was written hr in Quenya. Cf. L. is always voiceless, as in English so, geese; the z-sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth. This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as in Q. Isil, S. Ithil, ‘Moon’. represents a sound probably similar to the t in English tune. It was derived mainly from c or tty. The sound of English ch, which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. Cf. HY under Y. has the sound of English v, but is not used finally. See F. has the sound of English w. HW is a voiceless w, as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in spite of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since the two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. is used in Quenya for the consonant y, as in English you. In Sindarin y is a vowel (see below). HY has the same relation to y as HW to w,
《魔戒》中的 TY，在另一個元音之前，最初具有辛達林語中 y 的輔音發音，如 you, yore 中的 y：例如 Joreth, Iarwain。參見 Y。 在非精靈語系的名字中，其發音與 c 相同；kA 因此代表了獸人語 Grishnakh 或亞德奈克語（努曼諾爾語）Aditinakhér 中 ch 的相同發音。關於矮人語（庫茲杜爾語），請參見下方的註釋。 代表了英語單詞 Jet 中開頭 / 的大致發音。然而，在 e, 1 和輔音之間，或在 e, 7 之後的詞尾，它在某種程度上被「顎化」了。（精靈們可能會將英語的 bell, fill 轉寫為 beol, fiol。）LH 代表此音的清音（通常源自詞首的 s/-）。在（古老的）昆雅語中，這寫作 h/，但在第三紀元通常發音為 /。 代表 finger 中的 ng 發音，但在詞尾時則發音如英語 sing。後者在昆雅語中也出現在詞首，但根據第三紀元的發音，已被轉寫為 n（如 Noldo）。 發音與 f 相同。它用於 (a) f 音出現在詞尾時，如 alph「天鵝」；(b) f 音與 p 相關或源自 p 時，如 1-Pheriannath「哈比人」（perian）；(c) 在少數詞語中間，它代表長 ff（來自 pp），如 Ephel「外圍柵欄」；以及 (d) 在亞德奈克語和西方通用語中，如 Ar-Pharaz6n（pharaz「黃金」）。 已用於 cw，這是昆雅語中非常常見的組合，儘管它沒有出現在辛達林語中。 代表在所有位置上的顫音 r；該音在輔音前不會消失（如英語 part）。據說獸人以及一些矮人使用舌根音或小舌音 r，精靈們認為這種發音令人不悅。RH 代表清音 r（通常源自較早的詞首 sr-）。在昆雅語中寫作 hr。參見 L。 始終是清音，如英語 so, geese；z 音在當代昆雅語或辛達林語中並不存在。SH 出現在西方通用語、矮人語和獸人語中，代表與英語 sh 相似的發音。 代表英語 thin, cloth 中清音 th 的發音。這在口語昆雅語中已變成 s，儘管仍用不同的字母書寫；如昆雅語 Isil，辛達林語 Ithil，「月亮」。 代表的發音可能與英語 tune 中的 t 相似。它主要源自 c 或 tty。英語 ch 的發音在西方通用語中很常見，但該語言的使用者通常會用它來替代。參見 Y 下的 HY。 發音與英語 v 相同，但不用於詞尾。參見 F。 發音與英語 w 相同。HW 是清音 w，如英語 white（在北方發音中）。這在昆雅語中並非不常見的詞首音，儘管本書中似乎沒有出現例子。v 和 w 都用於昆雅語的轉寫中，儘管其拼寫已與拉丁語同化，因為這兩種聲音在起源上是不同的，但都出現在該語言中。 在昆雅語中用於輔音 y，如英語 you。在辛達林語中，y 是一個元音（參見下文）。HY 與 y 的關係如同 HW 與 w。